Choose Classifier Options

Choose Classifier Type

You can use Classification Learner to automatically train a selection of different classification models on your data. Use automated training to quickly try a selection of model types, then explore promising models interactively. To get started, try these options first:

Get Started Classifier Options	Description
All Quick-To-Train	Try this option first. The app will train all the model types available for your data set that are typically fast to fit.
All Linear	Try this option if you expect linear boundaries between the classes in your data. This option fits only linear SVM, efficient linear SVM, efficient logistic regression, and linear discriminant models. The option also fits a binary GLM (generalized linear model) logistic regression model for binary class data.
All	Use this option to train all available nonoptimizable model types. Trains every type regardless of any prior trained models. Can be time-consuming.

See Automated Classifier Training.

If you want to explore classifiers one at a time, or you already know what classifier type you want, you can select individual models or train a group of the same type. To see all available classifier options, on the Learn tab, click the arrow in the Models section to expand the list of classifiers. The nonoptimizable model options in the Models gallery are preset starting points with different settings, suitable for a range of different classification problems. To use optimizable model options and tune model hyperparameters automatically, see Hyperparameter Optimization in Classification Learner App.

For help choosing the best classifier type for your problem, see the table showing typical characteristics of different supervised learning algorithms and the MATLAB^® function called by each one for binary or multiclass data. Use the table as a guide for your final choice of algorithms. Decide on the tradeoff you want in speed, flexibility, and interpretability. The best classifier type depends on your data.

Tip

To avoid overfitting, look for a model of lower flexibility that provides sufficient accuracy. For example, look for simple models such as decision trees and discriminants that are fast and easy to interpret. If the models are not accurate enough predicting the response, choose other classifiers with higher flexibility, such as ensembles. To control flexibility, see the details for each classifier type.

Characteristics of Classifier Types

Classifier	Interpretability	Function
Decision Trees	Easy	fitctree
Discriminant Analysis	Easy	fitcdiscr
Logistic Regression Classifiers	Easy	fitglm (for binary GLM), fitclinear, fitcecoc (for multiclass)
Naive Bayes Classifiers	Easy	fitcnb
Support Vector Machines	Easy for linear SVM Hard for all other kernel types	fitcsvm, fitcecoc (for multiclass)
Efficiently Trained Linear Classifiers	Easy	fitclinear, fitcecoc (for multiclass)
Nearest Neighbor Classifiers	Hard	fitcknn
Kernel Approximation Classifiers	Hard	fitckernel, fitcecoc (for multiclass)
Ensemble Classifiers	Hard	fitcensemble
Neural Network Classifiers	Hard	fitcnet

To read a description of each classifier in Classification Learner, switch to the details view.

Tip

After you choose a classifier type (for example, decision trees), try training using each of the classifiers. The nonoptimizable options in the Models gallery are starting points with different settings. Try them all to see which option produces the best model with your data.

For workflow instructions, see Train Classification Models in Classification Learner App.

Categorical Predictor Support

In Classification Learner, the Models gallery shows as available the classifier types that support your selected data.

Classifier	All predictors numeric	All predictors categorical	Some categorical, some numeric
Decision Trees	Yes	Yes	Yes
Discriminant Analysis	Yes	No	No
Logistic Regression	Yes	Yes	Yes
Naive Bayes	Yes	Yes	Yes
SVM	Yes	Yes	Yes
Efficiently Trained Linear	Yes	Yes	Yes
Nearest Neighbor	Euclidean distance only	Hamming distance only	No
Kernel Approximation	Yes	Yes	Yes
Ensembles	Yes	Yes, except Subspace Discriminant	Yes, except any Subspace
Neural Networks	Yes	Yes	Yes

Decision Trees

Decision trees are easy to interpret, fast for fitting and prediction, and low on memory usage, but they can have low predictive accuracy. Try to grow simpler trees to prevent overfitting. Control the depth with the Maximum number of splits setting.

Tip

Model flexibility increases with the Maximum number of splits setting.

Classifier Type	Interpretability	Model Flexibility
Coarse Tree	Easy	Low Few leaves to make coarse distinctions between classes (maximum number of splits is 4).
Medium Tree	Easy	Medium Medium number of leaves for finer distinctions between classes (maximum number of splits is 20).
Fine Tree	Easy	High Many leaves to make many fine distinctions between classes (maximum number of splits is 100).

Tip

In the Models gallery, click All Trees to try each of the nonoptimizable decision tree options. Train them all to see which settings produce the best model with your data. Select the best model in the Models pane. To try to improve your model, try feature selection, and then try changing some advanced options.

You train classification trees to predict responses to data. To predict a response, follow the decisions in the tree from the root (beginning) node down to a leaf node. The leaf node contains the response. Statistics and Machine Learning Toolbox™ trees are binary. Each step in a prediction involves checking the value of one predictor (variable). For example, here is a simple classification tree:

This tree predicts classifications based on two predictors, x1 and x2. To predict, start at the top node. At each decision, check the values of the predictors to decide which branch to follow. When the branches reach a leaf node, the data is classified either as type 0 or 1.

You can visualize your decision tree model by exporting the model from the app, and then entering:

view(trainedModel.ClassificationTree,"Mode","graph") 

The figure shows an example fine tree trained with the fisheriris data.

Tip

For an example, see Train Decision Trees Using Classification Learner App.

Tree Model Hyperparameter Options

Classification trees in Classification Learner use the fitctree function. You can set these options:

• Maximum number of splits

  Specify the maximum number of splits or branch points to control the depth of your tree. When you grow a decision tree, consider its simplicity and predictive power. To change the number of splits, click the buttons or enter a positive integer value in the Maximum number of splits box.

  • A fine tree with many leaves is usually highly accurate on the training data. However, the tree might not show comparable accuracy on an independent test set. A leafy tree tends to overtrain, and its validation accuracy is often far lower than its training (or resubstitution) accuracy.

  • In contrast, a coarse tree does not attain high training accuracy. But a coarse tree can be more robust in that its training accuracy can approach that of a representative test set. Also, a coarse tree is easy to interpret.

• Split criterion

  Specify the split criterion measure for deciding when to split nodes. Try each of the three settings to see if they improve the model with your data.

  Split criterion options are Gini's diversity index, Twoing rule, or Maximum deviance reduction (also known as cross entropy).

  The classification tree tries to optimize to pure nodes containing only one class. Gini's diversity index (the default) and the deviance criterion measure node impurity. The twoing rule is a different measure for deciding how to split a node, where maximizing the twoing rule expression increases node purity.

  For details of these split criteria, see ClassificationTree More About.

• Surrogate decision splits — Only for missing data.

  Specify surrogate use for decision splits. If you have data with missing values, use surrogate splits to improve the accuracy of predictions.

  When you set Surrogate decision splits to On, the classification tree finds at most 10 surrogate splits at each branch node. To change the number, click the buttons or enter a positive integer value in the Maximum surrogates per node box.

  When you set Surrogate decision splits to Find All, the classification tree finds all surrogate splits at each branch node. The Find All setting can use considerable time and memory.

Alternatively, you can let the app choose some of these model options automatically by using hyperparameter optimization. See Hyperparameter Optimization in Classification Learner App.

Discriminant Analysis

Discriminant analysis is a popular first classification algorithm to try because it is fast, accurate and easy to interpret. Discriminant analysis is good for wide datasets.

Discriminant analysis assumes that different classes generate data based on different Gaussian distributions. To train a classifier, the fitting function estimates the parameters of a Gaussian distribution for each class.

Classifier Type	Interpretability	Model Flexibility
Linear Discriminant	Easy	Low Creates linear boundaries between classes.
Quadratic Discriminant	Easy	Low Creates nonlinear boundaries between classes (ellipse, parabola or hyperbola).

Discriminant Model Hyperparameter Options

Discriminant analysis in Classification Learner uses the fitcdiscr function. For both linear and quadratic discriminants, you can change the Covariance structure option. If you have predictors with zero variance or if any of the covariance matrices of your predictors are singular, training can fail using the default, Full covariance structure. If training fails, select the Diagonal covariance structure instead.

Alternatively, you can let the app choose some of these model options automatically by using hyperparameter optimization. See Hyperparameter Optimization in Classification Learner App.

Logistic Regression Classifiers

Logistic regression is a popular classification algorithm to try because it is easy to interpret. These classifiers model the class probabilities as a function of the linear combination of predictors.

Classifier Type	Interpretability	Model Flexibility
Binary GLM Logistic Regression Before R2023a: was Logistic Regression	Easy	Low You cannot change any parameters to control model flexibility.
Efficient Logistic Regression	Easy	Medium You can change the hyperparameter settings for solver, lambda, and beta tolerance.

Binary GLM logistic regression in Classification Learner uses the fitglm function. Efficient logistic regression uses the fitclinear function for binary class data, and fitcecoc for multiclass data. fitclinear and fitcecoc use techniques that reduce the training computation time at the cost of some accuracy. When training on data with many predictors or many observations, consider using efficient logistic regression.

Logistic Regression Hyperparameter Options

You cannot set any hyperparameter options for binary GLM classifiers. For information on the hyperparameter options you can set for efficient logistic regression classifiers, see Hyperparameter Options for Efficiently Trained Linear Classifiers.

Naive Bayes Classifiers

Naive Bayes classifiers are easy to interpret and useful for multiclass classification. The naive Bayes algorithm leverages Bayes theorem and makes the assumption that predictors are conditionally independent, given the class. Use these classifiers if this independence assumption is valid for predictors in your data. However, the algorithm still appears to work well when the independence assumption is not valid.

For kernel naive Bayes classifiers, you can control the kernel smoother type with the Kernel type setting, and control the kernel smoothing density support with the Support setting.

Classifier Type	Interpretability	Model Flexibility
Gaussian Naive Bayes	Easy	Low You cannot change any parameters to control model flexibility.
Kernel Naive Bayes	Easy	Medium You can change settings for Kernel type and Support to control how the classifier models predictor distributions.

Naive Bayes in Classification Learner uses the fitcnb function.

Naive Bayes Model Hyperparameter Options

For kernel naive Bayes classifiers, you can set these options:

• Kernel type — Specify the kernel smoother type. Try setting each of these options to see if they improve the model with your data.

  Kernel type options are Gaussian, Box, Epanechnikov, or Triangle.

• Support — Specify the kernel smoothing density support. Try setting each of these options to see if they improve the model with your data.

  Support options are Unbounded (all real values) or Positive (all positive real values).

• Standardize data — Specify whether to standardize the numeric predictors. If predictors have widely different scales, standardizing can improve the fit.

Alternatively, you can let the app choose some of these model options automatically by using hyperparameter optimization. See Hyperparameter Optimization in Classification Learner App.

For next steps training models, see Train Classification Models in Classification Learner App.

Support Vector Machines

In Classification Learner, you can train SVMs when your data has two or more classes.

Classifier Type	Interpretability	Model Flexibility
Linear SVM	Easy	Low Makes a simple linear separation between classes.
Quadratic SVM	Hard	Medium
Cubic SVM	Hard	Medium
Fine Gaussian SVM	Hard	High — decreases with kernel scale setting. Makes finely detailed distinctions between classes, with kernel scale set to sqrt(P)/4.
Medium Gaussian SVM	Hard	Medium Medium distinctions, with kernel scale set to sqrt(P).
Coarse Gaussian SVM	Hard	Low Makes coarse distinctions between classes, with kernel scale set to sqrt(P)*4, where P is the number of predictors.

Tip

Try training each of the nonoptimizable support vector machine options in the Models gallery. Train them all to see which settings produce the best model with your data. Select the best model in the Models pane. To try to improve your model, try feature selection, and then try changing some advanced options.

An SVM classifies data by finding the best hyperplane that separates data points of one class from those of the other class. The best hyperplane for an SVM means the one with the largest margin between the two classes. Margin means the maximal width of the slab parallel to the hyperplane that has no interior data points.

The support vectors are the data points that are closest to the separating hyperplane; these points are on the boundary of the slab. The following figure illustrates these definitions, with + indicating data points of type 1, and – indicating data points of type –1.

SVMs can also use a soft margin, meaning a hyperplane that separates many, but not all data points.

For an example, see Train Support Vector Machines Using Classification Learner App.

SVM Model Hyperparameter Options

If you have exactly two classes, Classification Learner uses the fitcsvm function to train the classifier. If you have more than two classes, the app uses the fitcecoc function to reduce the multiclass classification problem to a set of binary classification subproblems, with one SVM learner for each subproblem. To examine the code for the binary and multiclass classifier types, you can generate code from your trained classifiers in the app.

You can set these options in the app:

• Kernel function

  Specify the Kernel function to compute the classifier.

  • Linear kernel, easiest to interpret

  • Gaussian or Radial Basis Function (RBF) kernel

  • Quadratic

  • Cubic

• Box constraint level

  Specify the box constraint to keep the allowable values of the Lagrange multipliers in a box, a bounded region.

  To tune your SVM classifier, try increasing the box constraint level. Click the buttons or enter a positive scalar value in the Box constraint level box. Increasing the box constraint level can decrease the number of support vectors, but also can increase training time.

  The Box Constraint parameter is the soft-margin penalty known as C in the primal equations, and is a hard “box” constraint in the dual equations.

• Kernel scale mode

  Specify manual kernel scaling if desired.

  When you set Kernel scale mode to Auto, then the software uses a heuristic procedure to select the scale value. The heuristic procedure uses subsampling. Therefore, to reproduce results, set a random number seed using rng before training the classifier.

  When you set Kernel scale mode to Manual, you can specify a value. Click the buttons or enter a positive scalar value in the Manual kernel scale box. The software divides all elements of the predictor matrix by the value of the kernel scale. Then, the software applies the appropriate kernel norm to compute the Gram matrix.

  Tip

  Model flexibility decreases with the kernel scale setting.

• Multiclass coding

  Only for data with 3 or more classes. This method reduces the multiclass classification problem to a set of binary classification subproblems, with one SVM learner for each subproblem. One-vs-One trains one learner for each pair of classes. It learns to distinguish one class from the other. One-vs-All trains one learner for each class. It learns to distinguish one class from all others.

• Standardize data

  Specify whether to scale each coordinate distance. If predictors have widely different scales, standardizing can improve the fit.

Alternatively, you can let the app choose some of these model options automatically by using hyperparameter optimization. See Hyperparameter Optimization in Classification Learner App.

Efficiently Trained Linear Classifiers

The efficiently trained linear classifiers use techniques that reduce the training computation time at the cost of some accuracy. The available efficiently trained models are logistic regression and support vector machines (SVM). When training on data with many predictors or many observations, consider using efficiently trained linear classifiers instead of the existing binary GLM logistic regression or linear SVM preset models.

Classifier Type	Interpretability	Model Flexibility
Efficient Logistic Regression	Easy	Medium You can change the hyperparameter settings for solver, lambda, and beta tolerance.
Efficient Linear SVM	Easy	Medium You can change the hyperparameter settings for solver, lambda, and beta tolerance.

Hyperparameter Options for Efficiently Trained Linear Classifiers

The efficiently trained linear classifiers use the fitclinear function for binary class data, and the fitcecoc function for multiclass data. You can set the following options:

• Solver

  Specify the objective function minimization technique. The Auto setting uses the BFGS solver. If the model has more than 100 predictors, the Auto setting uses the SGD solver for efficient logistic regression, and the Dual SGD solver for efficient linear SVM. Note that the Dual SGD solver setting is not available for the efficient logistic regression classifier. For more information on solvers, see Solver.

• Regularization — Specify the complexity penalty type, either a lasso (L1) penalty or a ridge (L2) penalty. Depending on the other hyperparameter values, the available regularization options are Lasso, Ridge, and Auto.

  If you set this option to Auto, the software selects a lasso penalty when the model uses a SpaRSA solver, and a ridge penalty otherwise. For more information, see Regularization.

• Regularization strength (Lambda)

  Specify the regularization strength parameter. The Auto setting sets lambda equal to 1/n, where n is the number of observations in the training sample (or the number of in-fold observations, if you use cross-validation). For more information on the regularization strength, see Lambda.

• Relative coefficient tolerance (Beta tolerance)

  Specify the relative tolerance on the linear coefficients and bias term, which affects when optimization terminates. The default value is 0.0001. For more information on the beta tolerance, see BetaTolerance.

• Multiclass coding — Specify the method for reducing the multiclass problem to a set of binary subproblems, with one linear learner for each subproblem. This value is applicable only for data with more than two classes.

  • One-vs-One trains one learner for each pair of classes. This method learns to distinguish one class from the other.

  • One-vs-All trains one learner for each class. This method learns to distinguish one class from all others.

  For more information, see Coding.

Alternatively, you can let the app choose some of these model options automatically by using hyperparameter optimization. See Hyperparameter Optimization in Classification Learner App.

Nearest Neighbor Classifiers

Nearest neighbor classifiers typically have good predictive accuracy in low dimensions, but might not in high dimensions. They have high memory usage, and are not easy to interpret.

Tip

Model flexibility decreases with the Number of neighbors setting.

Classifier Type	Interpretability	Model Flexibility
Fine KNN	Hard	Finely detailed distinctions between classes. The number of neighbors is set to 1.
Medium KNN	Hard	Medium distinctions between classes. The number of neighbors is set to 10.
Coarse KNN	Hard	Coarse distinctions between classes. The number of neighbors is set to 100.
Cosine KNN	Hard	Medium distinctions between classes, using a Cosine distance metric. The number of neighbors is set to 10.
Cubic KNN	Hard	Medium distinctions between classes, using a cubic distance metric. The number of neighbors is set to 10.
Weighted KNN	Hard	Medium distinctions between classes, using a distance weight. The number of neighbors is set to 10.

Tip

Try training each of the nonoptimizable nearest neighbor options in the Models gallery. Train them all to see which settings produce the best model with your data. Select the best model in the Models pane. To try to improve your model, try feature selection, and then (optionally) try changing some advanced options.

What is k-Nearest Neighbor classification? Categorizing query points based on their distance to points (or neighbors) in a training dataset can be a simple yet effective way of classifying new points. You can use various metrics to determine the distance. Given a set X of n points and a distance function, k-nearest neighbor (kNN) search lets you find the k closest points in X to a query point or set of points. kNN-based algorithms are widely used as benchmark machine learning rules.

For an example, see Train Nearest Neighbor Classifiers Using Classification Learner App.

KNN Model Hyperparameter Options

Nearest Neighbor classifiers in Classification Learner use the fitcknn function. You can set these options:

• Number of neighbors

  Specify the number of nearest neighbors to find for classifying each point when predicting. Specify a fine (low number) or coarse classifier (high number) by changing the number of neighbors. For example, a fine KNN uses one neighbor, and a coarse KNN uses 100. Many neighbors can be time consuming to fit.

• Distance metric

  You can use various metrics to determine the distance to points. For definitions, see the class ClassificationKNN.

• Distance weight

  Specify the distance weighting function. You can choose Equal (no weights), Inverse (weight is 1/distance), or Squared Inverse (weight is 1/distance²).

• Standardize data

  Specify whether to scale each coordinate distance. If predictors have widely different scales, standardizing can improve the fit.

Alternatively, you can let the app choose some of these model options automatically by using hyperparameter optimization. See Hyperparameter Optimization in Classification Learner App.

Kernel Approximation Classifiers

In Classification Learner, you can use kernel approximation classifiers to perform nonlinear classification of data with many observations. For large in-memory data, kernel classifiers tend to train and predict faster than SVM classifiers with Gaussian kernels.

The Gaussian kernel classification models map predictors in a low-dimensional space into a high-dimensional space, and then fit a linear model to the transformed predictors in the high-dimensional space. Choose between fitting an SVM linear model and fitting a logistic regression linear model in the expanded space.

Tip

In the Models gallery, click All Kernels to try each of the preset kernel approximation options and see which settings produce the best model with your data. Select the best model in the Models pane, and try to improve that model by using feature selection and changing some advanced options.

Classifier Type	Interpretability	Model Flexibility
SVM Kernel	Hard	Medium — increases as the Kernel scale setting decreases
Logistic Regression Kernel	Hard	Medium — increases as the Kernel scale setting decreases

For an example, see Train Kernel Approximation Classifiers Using Classification Learner App.

Kernel Model Hyperparameter Options

If you have exactly two classes, Classification Learner uses the fitckernel function to train kernel classifiers. If you have more than two classes, the app uses the fitcecoc function to reduce the multiclass classification problem to a set of binary classification subproblems, with one kernel learner for each subproblem.

You can set these options:

• Learner — Specify the linear classification model type to fit in the expanded space, either SVM or Logistic Regression. SVM kernel classifiers use a hinge loss function during model fitting, whereas logistic regression kernel classifiers use a deviance (logistic) loss.

• Number of expansion dimensions — Specify the number of dimensions in the expanded space.

  • When you set this option to Auto, the software sets the number of dimensions to 2.^ceil(min(log2(p)+5,15)), where p is the number of predictors.

  • When you set this option to Manual, you can specify a value by clicking the buttons or entering a positive scalar value in the box.

• Regularization strength (Lambda) — Specify the ridge (L2) regularization penalty term. When you use an SVM learner, the box constraint C and the regularization term strength λ are related by C = 1/(λn), where n is the number of observations.

  • When you set this option to Auto, the software sets the regularization strength to 1/n, where n is the number of observations.

  • When you set this option to Manual, you can specify a value by clicking the buttons or entering a positive scalar value in the box.

• Kernel scale — Specify the kernel scaling. The software uses this value to obtain a random basis for the random feature expansion. For more details, see Random Feature Expansion.

  • When you set this option to Auto, the software uses a heuristic procedure to select the scale value. The heuristic procedure uses subsampling. Therefore, to reproduce results, set a random number seed using rng before training the classifier.

  • When you set this option to Manual, you can specify a value by clicking the buttons or entering a positive scalar value in the box.

• Multiclass coding — Specify the method for reducing the multiclass problem to a set of binary subproblems, with one kernel learner for each subproblem. This value is applicable only for data with more than two classes.

  • One-vs-One trains one learner for each pair of classes. This method learns to distinguish one class from the other.

  • One-vs-All trains one learner for each class. This method learns to distinguish one class from all others.

• Standardize data — Specify whether to standardize the numeric predictors. If predictors have widely different scales, standardizing can improve the fit.

• Iteration limit — Specify the maximum number of training iterations.

Alternatively, you can let the app choose some of these model options automatically by using hyperparameter optimization. See Hyperparameter Optimization in Classification Learner App.

Ensemble Classifiers

Ensemble classifiers meld results from many weak learners into one high-quality ensemble model. Qualities depend on the choice of algorithm.

Tip

Model flexibility increases with the Number of learners setting.

All ensemble classifiers tend to be slow to fit because they often need many learners.

Classifier Type	Interpretability	Ensemble Method	Model Flexibility
Boosted Trees	Hard	AdaBoost, with Decision Tree learners	Medium to high — increases with Number of learners or Maximum number of splits setting. Tip Boosted trees can usually do better than bagged, but might require parameter tuning and more learners
Bagged Trees	Hard	Random forest Bag, with Decision Tree learners	High — increases with Number of learners setting. Tip Try this classifier first.
Subspace Discriminant	Hard	Subspace, with Discriminant learners	Medium — increases with Number of learners setting. Good for many predictors
Subspace KNN	Hard	Subspace, with Nearest Neighbor learners	Medium — increases with Number of learners setting. Good for many predictors
RUSBoost Trees	Hard	RUSBoost, with Decision Tree learners	Medium — increases with Number of learners or Maximum number of splits setting. Good for skewed data (with many more observations of 1 class)
GentleBoost or LogitBoost — not available in the Model Type gallery. If you have 2 class data, select manually.	Hard	GentleBoost or LogitBoost, with Decision Tree learners Choose Boosted Trees and change to GentleBoost method.	Medium — increases with Number of learners or Maximum number of splits setting. For binary classification only

Bagged trees use Breiman's 'random forest' algorithm. For reference, see Breiman, L. Random Forests. Machine Learning 45, pp. 5–32, 2001.

Tips

• Try bagged trees first. Boosted trees can usually do better but might require searching many parameter values, which is time-consuming.

• Try training each of the nonoptimizable ensemble classifier options in the Models gallery. Train them all to see which settings produce the best model with your data. Select the best model in the Models pane. To try to improve your model, try feature selection, PCA, and then (optionally) try changing some advanced options.

• For boosting ensemble methods, you can get fine detail with either deeper trees or larger numbers of shallow trees. As with single tree classifiers, deep trees can cause overfitting. You need to experiment to choose the best tree depth for the trees in the ensemble, in order to trade-off data fit with tree complexity. Use the Number of learners and Maximum number of splits settings.

For an example, see Train Ensemble Classifiers Using Classification Learner App.

Ensemble Model Hyperparameter Options

Ensemble classifiers in Classification Learner use the fitcensemble function. You can set these options:

• For help choosing Ensemble method and Learner type, see the Ensemble table. Try the presets first.

• Maximum number of splits

  For boosting ensemble methods, specify the maximum number of splits or branch points to control the depth of your tree learners. Many branches tend to overfit, and simpler trees can be more robust and easy to interpret. Experiment to choose the best tree depth for the trees in the ensemble.

• Number of learners

  Try changing the number of learners to see if you can improve the model. Many learners can produce high accuracy, but can be time consuming to fit. Start with a few dozen learners, and then inspect the performance. An ensemble with good predictive power can need a few hundred learners.

• Learning rate

  Specify the learning rate for shrinkage. If you set the learning rate to less than 1, the ensemble requires more learning iterations but often achieves better accuracy. 0.1 is a popular choice.

• Subspace dimension

  For subspace ensembles, specify the number of predictors to sample in each learner. The app chooses a random subset of the predictors for each learner. The subsets chosen by different learners are independent.

• Number of predictors to sample

  Specify the number of predictors to select at random for each split in the tree learners.

  • When you set this option to Select All, the software uses all available predictors.

  • When you set this option to Set Limit, you can specify a value by clicking the buttons or entering a positive integer value in the box.

Alternatively, you can let the app choose some of these model options automatically by using hyperparameter optimization. See Hyperparameter Optimization in Classification Learner App.

Neural Network Classifiers

Neural network models typically have good predictive accuracy and can be used for multiclass classification; however, they are not easy to interpret.

Model flexibility increases with the size and number of fully connected layers in the neural network.

Tip

In the Models gallery, click All Neural Networks to try each of the preset neural network options and see which settings produce the best model with your data. Select the best model in the Models pane, and try to improve that model by using feature selection and changing some advanced options.

Classifier Type	Interpretability	Model Flexibility
Narrow Neural Network	Hard	Medium — increases with the First layer size setting
Medium Neural Network	Hard	Medium — increases with the First layer size setting
Wide Neural Network	Hard	Medium — increases with the First layer size setting
Bilayered Neural Network	Hard	High — increases with the First layer size and Second layer size settings
Trilayered Neural Network	Hard	High — increases with the First layer size, Second layer size, and Third layer size settings

Each model is a feedforward, fully connected neural network for classification. The first fully connected layer of the neural network has a connection from the network input (predictor data), and each subsequent layer has a connection from the previous layer. Each fully connected layer multiplies the input by a weight matrix and then adds a bias vector. An activation function follows each fully connected layer. The final fully connected layer and the subsequent softmax activation function produce the network's output, namely classification scores (posterior probabilities) and predicted labels. For more information, see Neural Network Structure.

For an example, see Train Neural Network Classifiers Using Classification Learner App.

Neural Network Model Hyperparameter Options

Neural network classifiers in Classification Learner use the fitcnet function. You can set these options:

• Number of fully connected layers — Specify the number of fully connected layers in the neural network, excluding the final fully connected layer for classification. You can choose a maximum of three fully connected layers.

• First layer size, Second layer size, and Third layer size — Specify the size of each fully connected layer, excluding the final fully connected layer. If you choose to create a neural network with multiple fully connected layers, consider specifying layers with decreasing sizes.

• Activation — Specify the activation function for all fully connected layers, excluding the final fully connected layer. The activation function for the last fully connected layer is always softmax. Choose from the following activation functions: ReLU, Tanh, None, and Sigmoid.

• Iteration limit — Specify the maximum number of training iterations.

• Regularization strength (Lambda) — Specify the ridge (L2) regularization penalty term.

• Standardize data — Specify whether to standardize the numeric predictors. If predictors have widely different scales, standardizing can improve the fit. Standardizing the data is highly recommended.

Alternatively, you can let the app choose some of these model options automatically by using hyperparameter optimization. See Hyperparameter Optimization in Classification Learner App.

Related Topics

• Train Classification Models in Classification Learner App
• Select Data for Classification or Open Saved App Session
• Feature Selection and Feature Transformation Using Classification Learner App
• Visualize and Assess Classifier Performance in Classification Learner
• Export Classification Model to Predict New Data
• Train Decision Trees Using Classification Learner App