fircls

Constrained-least-squares FIR multiband filter design

Syntax

b = fircls(n,f,amp,up,lo)

fircls(n,f,amp,up,lo,"design_flag")

Description

b = fircls(n,f,amp,up,lo) generates a length n + 1 linear phase FIR filter. The frequency-magnitude characteristics of this filter match those given by vectors f and amp. up and lo are vectors with the same length as amp. They define the upper and lower bounds for the frequency response in each band.

fircls(n,f,amp,up,lo,"design_flag") enables you to specify visual display options for the filter design.

Examples

Constrained Least-Squares Lowpass Filter

Design a 150th-order lowpass filter with a normalized cutoff frequency of $$0.4\pi$$ rad/sample. Specify a maximum absolute error of 0.02 in the passband and 0.01 in the stopband. Display the design error and magnitude responses of the filter. The bound violations denote the iterations of the procedure as the design converges.

n = 150;
f = [0 0.4 1];
a = [1 0];
up = [1.02 0.01];
lo = [0.98 -0.01];
b = fircls(n,f,a,up,lo,"both");

  Bound Violation = 0.0788344298966  
  Bound Violation = 0.0096137744998  
  Bound Violation = 0.0005681345753  
  Bound Violation = 0.0000051519942  
  Bound Violation = 0.0000000348656  
  Bound Violation = 0.0000000006231  

Input Arguments

n — Filter order

real positive scalar

Filter order, specified as a real positive scalar.

Note

The fircls function always uses an even filter order for configurations with a passband at the Nyquist frequency (that is, highpass and bandstop filters). This is because for odd orders, the frequency response at the Nyquist frequency is necessarily 0. If you specify an odd-valued n, fircls increments it by 1.

f — Normalized frequency points

real-valued vector

Normalized frequency points, specified as a real-valued vector. The transition frequencies are in the range [0, 1], where 1 corresponds to the Nyquist frequency. The first point of f must be 0 and the last point must be 1. The frequencies must be in increasing order.

amp — Piecewise-constant desired amplitude

real-valued vector

Piecewise-constant desired amplitude of the frequency response, specified as a real-valued vector. The length of amp is equal to the number of bands in the response, length(f)-1.

up — Upper bounds

real-valued vector

Upper bounds for the frequency response in each band, specified as a real-valued vector with the same length as amp.

lo — Lower bounds

real-valued vector

Lower bounds for the frequency response in each band, specified as a real-valued vector with the same length as amp.

Note

Normally, the lower value in the stopband is specified as negative. By setting lo equal to 0 in the stopbands, a nonnegative frequency response amplitude is obtained. Such filters are spectrally factored to obtain minimum phase filters.

"design_flag" — Filter design display

"trace" | "plots" | "both"

Filter design display, specified as one of these:

• "trace" — View a textual display of the design error at each iteration step.

• "plots" — View a collection of plots showing the full-band magnitude response of the filter and a zoomed view of the magnitude response in each sub-band. All plots are updated at each iteration step. The O's on the plot are the estimated extrema of the new iteration and the X's are the estimated extrema of the previous iteration, where the extrema are the peaks (maxima and minima) of the filter ripples. Only ripples that have a corresponding O and X are made equal.

• "both" — View both a textual display and plots.

Output Arguments

b — Filter coefficients

row vector

Filter coefficients, returned as a row vector of length n + 1.

Algorithms

The fircls function uses an iterative least-squares algorithm to obtain an equiripple response. The algorithm is a multiple exchange algorithm that uses Lagrange multipliers and Kuhn-Tucker conditions on each iteration.

References

[1] Selesnick, I. W., M. Lang, and C. S. Burrus. “Constrained Least Square Design of FIR Filters without Specified Transition Bands.” Proceedings of the 1995 International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. Vol. 2, 1995, pp. 1260–1263.

[2] Selesnick, I. W., M. Lang, and C. S. Burrus. “Constrained Least Square Design of FIR Filters without Specified Transition Bands.” IEEE^® Transactions on Signal Processing. Vol. 44, Number 8, 1996, pp. 1879–1892.

Extended Capabilities

C/C++ Code Generation

Generate C and C++ code using MATLAB® Coder™.

Usage notes and limitations:

All inputs must be constants. Expressions or variables are allowed if their values do not change.

Version History

Introduced before R2006a