Since you want a symmetric set of points around 0, first generate a set on the positive side of the origin, then just flip them around.
So I'll generate a set of points that runs effectively down from b to a, with increasing spacing as it moves towards a. What is the geometric increment?
geoinc = nthroot(b/a,N-1)
V = a + b - a*flip(t)
V =
0.2000 0.8276 1.3764 1.8563 2.2760 2.6430 2.9639 3.2446 3.4900 3.7047 3.8923 4.0565 4.2000 4.3255 4.4353 4.5313 4.6152 4.6886 4.7528 4.8089 4.8580 4.9009 4.9385 4.9713 5.0000
So the spacing increases as you move towards a, away from b, and it does so in geometric fashion. Now just duplicate the set, negating them.
V = [flip(-V),V]
V =
-5.0000 -4.9713 -4.9385 -4.9009 -4.8580 -4.8089 -4.7528 -4.6886 -4.6152 -4.5313 -4.4353 -4.3255 -4.2000 -4.0565 -3.8923 -3.7047 -3.4900 -3.2446 -2.9639 -2.6430 -2.2760 -1.8563 -1.3764 -0.8276 -0.2000 0.2000 0.8276 1.3764 1.8563 2.2760
So easy enough. But no, I won't even try to tweak your code. Far better to learn to use MATLAB as it is designed to be used, manipulating vectors and arrays.