Can someone explain the concept of B= null(A) in simple words?

Lucifer__ さんによって質問されました 2019 年 11 月 6 日

最新アクティビティ Lucifer__ さんによってコメントされました 2019 年 11 月 7 日

John D'Errico さんの回答が採用されました

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if A = [1,2,3,4,5]

B=null(A) gives something like this :

B =

-0.2697 -0.4045 -0.5394 -0.6742

0.9359 -0.0961 -0.1282 -0.1602

-0.0961 0.8558 -0.1923 -0.2403

-0.1282 -0.1923 0.7437 -0.3204

-0.1602 -0.2403 -0.3204 0.5995

can someone please explain in simple words what null does to the values of A? I would appreciate if no wiki links are shared.

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回答者: John D'Errico 2019 年 11 月 6 日

編集済み: John D'Errico 2019 年 11 月 6 日

採用された回答

Think of A as a vector pointing someplace in a 5 dimensional space. Got that? It points somewhere.

Now, in 5 dimensions, we could imagine 5 axis vectors, all pointing in orthogonal directions to each other. We could now align ONE of those axes with the vector we just saw described in A. That leaves 4 other axis vectors all orthogonal to the vector A.

Now, typically, in 5 dimensions, we could imagine 5 axes, each one defined by the vectors comprising columns of the matrix eye(5).

eye(5)
ans =
   0     0     0     0
   1     0     0     0
   0     1     0     0
   0     0     1     0
   0     0     0     1

So each row (or coliumn, for that matter) can be viewed as a vector pointing along one axis of a 5 dimensional cartesian space. Together, they span a 5 dimensional space, so any vector in that space can be represented as some linear combinations of the columns of eye(5).

But if we then rotated our R^5 space, so that one of those vectors were pointing in the same direction as the vector A, then the other axis vectors must also change, so that all were orthogonal to A.

A = [1 2 3 4 5]
A =
     1     2     3     4     5
     
B = null(A)
ans =
     -0.26968     -0.40452     -0.53936      -0.6742
      0.93591    -0.096129     -0.12817     -0.16021
    -0.096129      0.85581     -0.19226     -0.24032
     -0.12817     -0.19226      0.74366     -0.32043
     -0.16021     -0.24032     -0.32043      0.59946

The columns of B are all orthogonal to the vector A. They can be viewed as together with A, an orthogonal set of vectors that still span the space. Clearly, you can see that A kills off any of the columns of B. (Ignoring the floating point trash that results.)

A*B
ans =
  -2.2204e-16   2.2204e-16  -4.4409e-16   8.8818e-16

Essentially, whatever set of vectors you have in the rows of A, null finds a set of vectors that are orthogonal to the rows of A.

A realy good explanation of all this would also include an explanation of what orth does, as sort of the complement to null. But the best explanation would involve a course in linear algebra, and a good understanding of tools like SVD or possibly QR, to understand how those tools can be used to derive what null and orth produce.

I really wanted to add a wiki reference in this. It was hard not to do so. Sigh.

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Lucifer__ 2019 年 11 月 7 日

Thank you for your answer. Yes, a course in Linear Algebra is what I have in mind. I am actually editing some code which has this function and I was wondering the use of this. Wiki got past my head but this made sense.

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回答者: James Tursa 2019 年 11 月 6 日

編集済み: James Tursa 2019 年 11 月 6 日

The columns of B form basis vectors for the "null space" of A. Any linear combination of the B columns, when multiplied by A, will give a 0 result (within floating point numerical tolerances). E.g.,

A * (B * rand(4,1)) --> 0 result using a random linear combination of B columns

>> A = [1,2,3,4,5] 
A =
     1     2     3     4     5
>> B=null(A)
B =
   -0.2697   -0.4045   -0.5394   -0.6742
    0.9359   -0.0961   -0.1282   -0.1602
   -0.0961    0.8558   -0.1923   -0.2403
   -0.1282   -0.1923    0.7437   -0.3204
   -0.1602   -0.2403   -0.3204    0.5995
>> A * (B * rand(4,1))
ans =
   5.5511e-17
>> A * (B * rand(4,1))
ans =
  -2.2204e-16
>> A * (B * rand(4,1))
ans =
   1.1102e-16
>> A*B
ans =
   1.0e-15 *
         0   -0.2220         0    0.4441

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Steven Lord 2019 年 11 月 6 日

This can be useful because once you've found one solution to a system of equations, you can add any combination of multiples of vectors in the null space (returned by null) and get another solution.

A = magic(4);
xsol1 = [1; 2; 3; 4];
b = A*xsol1;

Obviously, by the way we constructed b, xsol1 is a solution to A*x = b.

check1 = A*xsol1 - b % Should contain only small values

But it's not the only one.

N = null(A, 'r'); % Use 'r' to get "nice" numbers in N
xsol2 = xsol1 + N;
check2 = A*xsol2 - b
xsol3 = xsol1 + 42*N;
check3 = A*xsol3 - b
xsol4 = xsol1 - pi*N;
check4 = A*xsol4 - b

This is because A*(xsol1 + N) is just A*xsol1 + A*N. A*N by definition is the zero vector, and A*xsol1 is b.

shouldBeZeros = A*N

Let's prove that the four solutions I computed are not the same.

[xsol1, xsol2, xsol3, xsol4]

The four solutions contain very different values, but they are all solutions.

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