TransposedConvolution3dLayer
Transposed 3-D convolution layer
Description
A transposed 3-D convolution layer upsamples three-dimensional feature maps.
This layer is sometimes incorrectly known as a "deconvolution" or "deconv" layer. This layer is the transpose of convolution and does not perform deconvolution.
Creation
Create a transposed convolution 3-D layer using transposedConv3dLayer
.
Properties
Transposed Convolution
FilterSize
— Height, width, and depth of filters
vector of three positive integers
Height, width, and depth of the filters, specified as a vector
[h w d]
of three positive integers, where
h
is the height, w
is the
width, and d
is the depth.
FilterSize
defines the size of the local
regions to which the neurons connect in the input.
When creating the layer, you can specify
FilterSize
as a scalar to use the same value
for the height, width, and depth.
Example:
[5 5 5]
specifies filters with a height, width, and
depth of 5.
NumFilters
— Number of filters
positive integer
This property is read-only.
Number of filters, specified as a positive integer. This number corresponds to the number of neurons in the layer that connect to the same region in the input. This parameter determines the number of channels (feature maps) in the layer output.
Data Types: single
| double
| int8
| int16
| int32
| int64
| uint8
| uint16
| uint32
| uint64
Stride
— Step size for traversing input
[1 1 1]
(default) | vector of three positive integers
Step size for traversing the input in three dimensions, specified as a vector
[a b c]
of three positive integers, where a
is
the vertical step size, b
is the horizontal step size, and
c
is the step size along the depth. When creating the layer, you
can specify Stride
as a scalar to use the same value for step sizes
in all three directions.
Example:
[2 3 1]
specifies a vertical step size of 2, a horizontal step size
of 3, and a step size along the depth of 1.
Data Types: single
| double
| int8
| int16
| int32
| int64
| uint8
| uint16
| uint32
| uint64
CroppingMode
— Method to determine cropping size
'manual'
(default) |
'same'
Method to determine cropping size, specified as
'manual'
or 'same'
.
The software automatically sets the value of CroppingMode
based on the 'Cropping'
value you specify when creating the layer.
If you set the
Cropping
option to a numeric value, then the software automatically sets theCroppingMode
property of the layer to'manual'
.If you set the
'Cropping'
option to'same'
, then the software automatically sets theCroppingMode
property of the layer to'same'
and set the cropping so that the output size equalsinputSize .* Stride
, whereinputSize
is the height, width, and depth of the layer input.
To specify the cropping size, use the 'Cropping'
option of transposedConv3dLayer
.
CroppingSize
— Output size reduction
[0 0 0;0 0 0]
(default) | matrix of nonnegative integers
Output size reduction, specified as a matrix of nonnegative integers
[t l f; b r bk]
, t
,
l
, f
, b
,
r
, bk
are the amounts to crop
from the top, left, front, bottom, right, and back of the input,
respectively.
To specify the cropping size manually, use the 'Cropping'
option of transposedConv2dLayer
.
Example:
[0 1 0 1 0 1]
NumChannels
— Number of input channels
"auto"
(default) | positive integer
This property is read-only.
Number of input channels, specified as one of the following:
"auto"
— Automatically determine the number of input channels at training time.Positive integer — Configure the layer for the specified number of input channels.
NumChannels
and the number of channels in the layer input data must match. For example, if the input is an RGB image, thenNumChannels
must be 3. If the input is the output of a convolutional layer with 16 filters, thenNumChannels
must be 16.
Data Types: single
| double
| int8
| int16
| int32
| int64
| uint8
| uint16
| uint32
| uint64
| char
| string
Parameters and Initialization
WeightsInitializer
— Function to initialize weights
'glorot'
(default) |
'he'
|
'narrow-normal'
|
'zeros'
|
'ones'
| function handle
Function to initialize the weights, specified as one of the following:
'glorot'
– Initialize the weights with the Glorot initializer [1] (also known as Xavier initializer). The Glorot initializer independently samples from a uniform distribution with zero mean and variance2/(numIn + numOut)
, wherenumIn = FilterSize(1)*FilterSize(2)*FilterSize(3)*NumChannels
andnumOut = FilterSize(1)*FilterSize(2)*FilterSize(3)*NumFilters
.'he'
– Initialize the weights with the He initializer [2]. The He initializer samples from a normal distribution with zero mean and variance2/numIn
, wherenumIn = FilterSize(1)*FilterSize(2)*FilterSize(3)*NumChannels
.'narrow-normal'
– Initialize the weights by independently sampling from a normal distribution with zero mean and standard deviation 0.01.'zeros'
– Initialize the weights with zeros.'ones'
– Initialize the weights with ones.Function handle – Initialize the weights with a custom function. If you specify a function handle, then the function must be of the form
weights = func(sz)
, wheresz
is the size of the weights. For an example, see Specify Custom Weight Initialization Function.
The layer only initializes the weights when the
Weights
property is empty.
Data Types: char
| string
| function_handle
BiasInitializer
— Function to initialize biases
"zeros"
(default) | "narrow-normal"
| "ones"
| function handle
Function to initialize the biases, specified as one of these values:
"zeros"
— Initialize the biases with zeros."ones"
— Initialize the biases with ones."narrow-normal"
— Initialize the biases by independently sampling from a normal distribution with a mean of zero and a standard deviation of 0.01.Function handle — Initialize the biases with a custom function. If you specify a function handle, then the function must have the form
bias = func(sz)
, wheresz
is the size of the biases.
The layer initializes the biases only when the Bias
property is
empty.
The TransposedConvolution3dLayer
object stores this property as a character vector or a
function handle.
Data Types: char
| string
| function_handle
Weights
— Layer weights
[]
(default) | numeric array
Layer weights for the transposed convolutional layer, specified as a numeric array.
The layer weights are learnable parameters. You can specify the initial value of the weights
directly using the Weights
property of the layer. When
you train a network, if the Weights
property of the layer
is nonempty, then the trainnet
function uses the Weights
property as the initial value.
If the Weights
property is empty, then the software uses
the initializer specified by the WeightsInitializer
property of the layer.
At training time, Weights
is a
FilterSize(1)
-by-FilterSize(2)
-by-FilterSize(3)
-by-NumFilters
-by-NumChannels
array.
Data Types: single
| double
Bias
— Layer biases
[]
(default) | numeric array
Layer biases for the transposed convolutional layer, specified as a numeric array.
The layer biases are learnable parameters. When you train a neural network, if Bias
is nonempty, then the trainnet
function uses the Bias
property as the initial value. If
Bias
is empty, then software uses the initializer
specified by BiasInitializer
.
At training time, Bias
is a
1-by-1-by-1-by-NumFilters
array.
Data Types: single
| double
Learning Rate and Regularization
WeightLearnRateFactor
— Learning rate factor for weights
1
(default) | nonnegative scalar
Learning rate factor for the weights, specified as a nonnegative scalar.
The software multiplies this factor by the global learning rate to determine the learning rate for the weights in this layer. For example, if WeightLearnRateFactor
is 2
, then the learning rate for the weights in this layer is twice the current global learning rate. The software determines the global learning rate based on the settings you specify using the trainingOptions
function.
Data Types: single
| double
| int8
| int16
| int32
| int64
| uint8
| uint16
| uint32
| uint64
BiasLearnRateFactor
— Learning rate factor for biases
1
(default) | nonnegative scalar
Learning rate factor for the biases, specified as a nonnegative scalar.
The software multiplies this factor by the global learning rate to determine the learning rate for the biases in this layer. For example, if BiasLearnRateFactor
is 2
, then the learning rate for the biases in the layer is twice the current global learning rate. The software determines the global learning rate based on the settings you specify using the trainingOptions
function.
Data Types: single
| double
| int8
| int16
| int32
| int64
| uint8
| uint16
| uint32
| uint64
WeightL2Factor
— L2 regularization factor for
weights
1 (default) | nonnegative scalar
L2 regularization factor for the weights, specified as a nonnegative scalar.
The software multiplies this factor by the global L2 regularization factor to determine the L2 regularization for the weights in this layer. For example, if WeightL2Factor
is 2
, then the L2 regularization for the weights in this layer is twice the global L2 regularization factor. You can specify the global L2 regularization factor using the trainingOptions
function.
Data Types: single
| double
| int8
| int16
| int32
| int64
| uint8
| uint16
| uint32
| uint64
BiasL2Factor
— L2 regularization factor for biases
0
(default) | nonnegative scalar
L2 regularization factor for the biases, specified as a nonnegative scalar.
The software multiplies this factor by the global L2 regularization factor to determine the L2 regularization for the biases in this layer. For example, if BiasL2Factor
is 2
, then the L2 regularization for the biases in this layer is twice the global L2 regularization factor. The software determines the global L2 regularization factor based on the settings you specify using the trainingOptions
function.
Data Types: single
| double
| int8
| int16
| int32
| int64
| uint8
| uint16
| uint32
| uint64
Layer
Name
— Layer name
""
(default) | character vector | string scalar
NumInputs
— Number of inputs
1
(default)
This property is read-only.
Number of inputs to the layer, returned as 1
. This layer accepts a
single input only.
Data Types: double
InputNames
— Input names
{'in'}
(default)
This property is read-only.
Input names, returned as {'in'}
. This layer accepts a single input
only.
Data Types: cell
NumOutputs
— Number of outputs
1
(default)
This property is read-only.
Number of outputs from the layer, returned as 1
. This layer has a
single output only.
Data Types: double
OutputNames
— Output names
{'out'}
(default)
This property is read-only.
Output names, returned as {'out'}
. This layer has a single output
only.
Data Types: cell
Examples
Create Transposed 3-D Convolutional Layer
Create a transposed 3-D convolutional layer with 32 filters, each with a height, width, and depth of 11. Use a stride of 4 in the horizontal and vertical directions and 2 along the depth.
layer = transposedConv3dLayer(11,32,'Stride',[4 4 2])
layer = TransposedConvolution3DLayer with properties: Name: '' Hyperparameters FilterSize: [11 11 11] NumChannels: 'auto' NumFilters: 32 Stride: [4 4 2] CroppingMode: 'manual' CroppingSize: [2x3 double] Learnable Parameters Weights: [] Bias: [] Use properties method to see a list of all properties.
Algorithms
3-D Transposed Convolutional Layer
A transposed 3-D convolution layer upsamples three-dimensional feature maps.
The standard convolution operation downsamples the input by applying sliding convolutional filters to the input. By flattening the input and output, you can express the convolution operation as for the convolution matrix C and bias vector B that can be derived from the layer weights and biases.
Similarly, the transposed convolution operation upsamples the input by applying sliding convolutional filters to the input. To upsample the input instead of downsampling using sliding filters, the layer zero-pads each edge of the input with padding that has the size of the corresponding filter edge size minus 1.
By flattening the input and output, the transposed convolution operation is equivalent to , where C and B denote the convolution matrix and bias vector for standard convolution derived from the layer weights and biases, respectively. This operation is equivalent to the backward function of a standard convolution layer.
Layer Input and Output Formats
Layers in a layer array or layer graph pass data to subsequent layers as formatted dlarray
objects.
The format of a dlarray
object is a string of characters in which each
character describes the corresponding dimension of the data. The formats consist of one or
more of these characters:
"S"
— Spatial"C"
— Channel"B"
— Batch"T"
— Time"U"
— Unspecified
For example, you can describe 2-D image data that is represented as a 4-D array, where the
first two dimensions correspond to the spatial dimensions of the images, the third
dimension corresponds to the channels of the images, and the fourth dimension
corresponds to the batch dimension, as having the format "SSCB"
(spatial, spatial, channel, batch).
You can interact with these dlarray
objects in automatic differentiation
workflows such as developing a custom layer, using a functionLayer
object, or using the forward
and predict
functions with
dlnetwork
objects.
This table shows the supported input formats of
TransposedConvolution3DLayer
objects and the corresponding output
format. If the output of the layer is passed to a custom layer that does not inherit from
the nnet.layer.Formattable
class, or a FunctionLayer
object with the Formattable
property set to 0
(false),
then the layer receives an unformatted dlarray
object with dimensions
ordered corresponding to the formats in this table.
Input Format | Output Format |
---|---|
|
|
|
|
In dlnetwork
objects, TransposedConvolution3DLayer
objects also support these input and output format combinations.
Input Format | Output Format |
---|---|
|
|
|
|
References
[1] Glorot, Xavier, and Yoshua Bengio. "Understanding the Difficulty of Training Deep Feedforward Neural Networks." In Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics, 249–356. Sardinia, Italy: AISTATS, 2010. https://proceedings.mlr.press/v9/glorot10a/glorot10a.pdf
[2] He, Kaiming, Xiangyu Zhang, Shaoqing Ren, and Jian Sun. "Delving Deep into Rectifiers: Surpassing Human-Level Performance on ImageNet Classification." In 2015 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 1026–34. Santiago, Chile: IEEE, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCV.2015.123
Version History
Introduced in R2019a
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