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Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy

Energy management controller for P0–P4 hybrid electric vehicles

Since R2020b

Libraries:
Powertrain Blockset / Propulsion / Supervisory Controllers

Description

Use the Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS) block to control the energy management of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). The block optimizes the torque split between the engine and motor to minimize energy consumption while maintaining the battery state of charge (SOC).

The HEV P0, P1, P2, P3, and P4 reference applications use the Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy block for hybrid control.

Use the Motor location parameter to specify the HEV motor location.

Use the ECMS method parameter to implement either an adaptive or non-adaptive ECMS method. The HEV architectures are charge-sustaining, meaning the battery SOC must remain in a specified range because there is no plugin capability to recharge the battery. The battery is an energy buffer, and all energy comes from the fuel if the change in SOC is minimized over a drive cycle. To sustain the charge over a specified drive cycle, the block implements either of these ECMS methods.

ECMS MethodDescription

Non-adaptive (default)

The block uses a constant ECMS equivalence factor.

  • Use this method to determine the best fuel economy over a drive cycle.

    • If you change the drive cycle or HEV architecture, retune the ECMS weighting factor to maintain the ending SOC.

  • By default, the block uses a single constant.

Adaptive

The block adjusts an ECMS equivalence factor by using the output of a PI controller.

  • Use this method to maintain the SOC and minimize the delta SOC over many drive cycles. The block:

    • Tunes the PI controller gains.

    • Sustains the SOC.

  • The PI controller minimizes the error between the target SOC and current SOC.

ECMS Control Algorithm

The block implements a dynamic supervisory controller that determines the engine torque, motor torque, starter, clutch, and brake pressure commands. Specifically, the block:

  • Converts the driver accelerator pedal signal to a wheel torque request. To calculate the total powertrain torque at the wheels, the algorithm uses the maximum engine torque and motor torque curves and the transmission and differential gear ratios.

  • Converts the driver brake pedal signal to a brake pressure request. The algorithm multiplies the brake pedal signal by a maximum brake pressure.

  • Implements a regenerative braking algorithm for the traction motor to recover the maximum amount of kinetic energy from the vehicle.

    The block implements an ECMS algorithm[2] that optimizes the torque split between the engine and motor to minimize energy consumption while maintaining the battery SOC. Specifically, the ECMS:

    • Assigns a cost to electrical energy, so that using stored electrical energy is equal to consuming fuel energy.

      Battery ModeEquivalent Electrical EnergyDescription

      Discharging

      Positive

      Battery discharges stored electrical energy when the electric machine is in use.

      Charging

      Negative

      Battery stores electrical energy from either the:

      • Engine and electric machine acting as a generator

      • Electric machine acting as a generator during regenerative braking

    • Is an instantaneous minimization method that the software solves at every controller time step. To implement the strategy, the ECMS selects the optimal motor and engine torque in the optimization strategy to minimize the equivalent energy consumption.

    • Implements either an adaptive or non-adaptive ECMS method.

Ports

Input

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Wheel torque command.

Data Types: double

Battery state of charge.

Data Types: double

Battery voltage.

Data Types: double

Transmission gear.

Data Types: double

Motor speed.

Data Types: double

Vehicle speed, in m/s.

Data Types: double

Transmission temperature, in K.

Data Types: double

Output

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Block data, returned as a bus signal that contains these block values.

Signal DescriptionUnits

EngTrqCmd

Engine torque command

N·m

MtrTrqCmd

Motor torque command

N·m

EquivFctr

Equivalence factor

NA

MinHamil

Minimum Hamiltonian

kW

Engine torque command, in N·m.

Data Types: double

Motor torque command, in N·m.

Data Types: double

Parameters

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Block Options

Specify the HEV motor location.

Use the ECMS method parameter to implement either an adaptive or non-adaptive ECMS method. The HEV architectures are charge-sustaining, meaning the battery SOC must remain in a specified range because there is no plugin capability to recharge the battery. The battery is an energy buffer, and all energy comes from the fuel if the change in SOC is minimized over a drive cycle. To sustain the charge over a specified drive cycle, the block implements either of these ECMS methods.

ECMS MethodDescription

Non-adaptive (default)

The block uses a constant ECMS equivalence factor.

  • Use this method to determine the best fuel economy over a drive cycle.

    • If you change the drive cycle or HEV architecture, retune the ECMS weighting factor to maintain the ending SOC.

  • By default, the block uses a single constant.

Adaptive

The block adjusts an ECMS equivalence factor by using the output of a PI controller.

  • Use this method to maintain the SOC and minimize the delta SOC over many drive cycles. The block:

    • Tunes the PI controller gains.

    • Sustains the SOC.

  • The PI controller minimizes the error between the target SOC and current SOC.

Differential

Differential gear ratio. No dimension.

Differential efficiency factor. No dimension.

Loaded wheel radius, in m.

Transmission

Transmission efficiency factors.

Transmission gear number vector. No dimension.

Transmission gear ratio vector. No dimension.

Transmission efficiency vector. No dimension.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Transmission efficiency factors to Gear only.

Transmission efficiency torque breakpoints, in N·m.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Transmission efficiency factors to Gear, input torque, input speed, and temperature.

Transmission efficiency speed breakpoints, in rad/s.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Transmission efficiency factors to Gear, input torque, input speed, and temperature.

Transmission efficiency temperature breakpoints, in K.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Transmission efficiency factors to Gear, input torque, input speed, and temperature.

Transmission efficiency vector. No dimension.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Transmission efficiency factors to Gear, input torque, input speed, and temperature.

Engine

Speed breakpoints, in rpm.

Commanded torque breakpoints, in N·m.

Brake torque map, in N·m.

Minimum engine torque command table, in N·m.

Fuel flow map, in kg/s.

Minimum engine torque command, in N·m.

Fuel lower heating value, in J/kg.

Engine idle speed, in rpm.

Battery

Battery state-of-charge breakpoints. No dimension.

Battery charge limit table. No dimension.

Battery discharge limit table. No dimension.

Maximum battery current, in A.

DC/DC converter efficiency. No dimension.

Maximum battery charge power, in W.

Maximum battery discharge power, in W.

Motor

Motor maximum torque table, in N·m.

Motor speed breakpoints, in rpm.

Motor torque breakpoints, in N·m.

Motor efficiency map. No dimension.

Number of motor torque calculation points. No dimension.

P0 belt ratio. No dimension.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Motor location to P0.

Energy Management

ECMS weighting factor. No dimension.

Penalty factor power. No dimension.

Adaptive ECMS proportional gain. No dimension.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set ECMS method to Adaptive.

Adaptive ECMS integral gain. No dimension.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set ECMS method to Adaptive.

Constraint penalty factor. No dimension.

Target battery state-of-charge. No dimension.

Minimum battery state-of-charge. No dimension.

Maximum battery state-of-charge. No dimension.

Acknowledgments

MathWorks® would like to acknowledge the contribution of Dr. Simona Onori to the ECMS optimal control algorithm implemented in this block. Dr. Onori is a Professor of Energy Resources Engineering at Stanford University. Her research interests include electrochemical modeling, estimation and optimization of energy storage devices for automotive and grid-level applications, hybrid and electric vehicles modeling and control, PDE modeling, and model-order reduction and estimation of emission mitigation systems. She is a senior member of IEEE®.

References

[1] Balazs, A., Morra, E., and Pischinger, S., Optimization of Electrified Powertrains for City Cars. SAE Technical Paper 2011-01-2451. Warrendale, PA: SAE International Journal of Alternative Powertrains, 2012.

[2] Onori, S., Serrao, L., and Rizzoni, G., Hybrid Electric Vehicles Energy Management Systems. New York: Springer, 2016.

Extended Capabilities

C/C++ Code Generation
Generate C and C++ code using Simulink® Coder™.

Version History

Introduced in R2020b