Geometric Compression Ratio
The geometric compression ratio CR is the ratio of the total cylinder volume at BDC to the clearance volume at TDC. It is one of...
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Swept Volume and Clearance Volume
The swept volume (V_s) is the volume displaced by the piston as it travels from BDC (Bottom Dead Centre) to TDC (Top Dead Centre...
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Specific Fuel Consumption
Brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) measures how efficiently an engine converts fuel mass into useful work.
Lower is better...
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Piston Mean Speed
Mean piston speed is a critical mechanical stress indicator — it sets limits on valve timing, bearing loads, and material fatigu...
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Engine Displacement
Engine displacement is the total swept volume of all cylinders. It is determined by bore (cylinder diameter), stroke (piston tra...
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Fuel-Air Equivalence Ratio (Lambda)
Lambda (λ) is the ratio of actual air-fuel ratio to the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio. λ = 1 is perfect stoichiometry, λ < 1 is ...
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Volumetric efficiency
Volumetric efficiency measures how well an engine breathes.
The ratio of the actual air mass drawn in per cycle to the theoreti...
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Brake Mean Effective Pressure (BMEP)
BMEP is a normalised measure of engine work output per cycle per unit displacement. It lets you compare engines of different siz...
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Engine torque and RPM
Torque and power are related through rotational speed. Knowing brake power and engine RPM, you can back-calculate the torque del...
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Engine Thermal Efficiency
The thermal efficiency of an ideal Otto cycle engine depends only on the compression ratio. A higher compression ratio yields gr...
Steering Torque Estimation
Steering torque is generated due to lateral tire forces acting through the steering mechanism.
Given Lateral force Fy and Lever...
Steering Ratio Calculation
The steering ratio defines the relationship between steering wheel angle and road wheel angle.
Given wheel angle δ and Steering...