Main Content

DDR5 Controller Transmitter/Receiver IBIS-AMI Model

Open Live Script

This example shows how to create generic DDR5 transmitter and receiver IBIS-AMI models using the library blocks in SerDes Toolbox™ and have been Verified by Intel®. Since DDR5 DQ signals are bidirectional, this example creates Tx and Rx models for the controller. The generated models conform to the IBIS-AMI specification.

DDR5 Controller Tx/Rx IBIS-AMI Model Setup in SerDes Designer App

The first part of this example sets up and explores the target transmitter and receiver architectures using the blocks required for DDR5 in the SerDes Designer app. The SerDes system is then exported to Simulink® for further customization and IBIS-AMI Model generation.

Type the following command in the MATLAB® command window to open the ddr5_controller model:

>> serdesDesigner('ddr5_controller')

The controller has a DDR5 transmitter (Tx) using 4-tap feed forward equalization (FFE). The controller also has a DDR5 receiver (Rx) using a continuous time linear equalizer (CTLE) with 8 pre-defined settings and a 4-tap decision feedback equalizer (DFE) with built-in clock data recovery.

Configuration Setup

  • Symbol Time is set to 208.3 ps, since the target operating rate is 4.8 Gbps for DDR5-4800.

  • Target BER is set to 100e-18.

  • Signaling is set to Single-ended.

  • Samples per Symbol and Modulation are kept at default values, which are respectively 16 and NRZ (nonreturn to zero), respectively.

Transmitter Model Setup

  • The Tx FFE block is set up for one pre-tap, one main-tap, and two post-taps by including four tap weights. This is done with the array [0 1 0 0], where the main tap is specified by the largest value in the array. Tap ranges will be added later in the example when the model is exported to Simulink.

  • The Tx AnalogOut model is set up so that Voltage is 1.1 V, Rise time is 100 ps, R (output resistance) is 50 ohms, and C (capacitance) is 0.65 pF. The actual analog models used in the final model will be generated later in this example.

Channel Model Setup

  • Single-ended impedance is set to 40 ohms.

  • Target Frequency is set to 2.4 GHz, which is the Nyquist frequency for 4.8 GHz

  • Channel loss is set to 5 dB at Nyquist, which is typical of DDR channels.

Receiver Model Setup

  • The Rx AnalogIn model is set up so that R (input resistance) is 40 Ohms and C (capacitance) is 0.65pF. The actual analog models used in the final model will be generated later in this example.

  • The CTLE block is set up for 8 configurations. The Specification is set to DC Gain and AC Gain. DC Gain is set to [0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7] dB. Peaking frequency is set to 2.4 GHz. All other parameters are kept at their default values.

  • The DFECDR block is set up for four DFE taps by including four Initial tap weights set to 0. The Minimum tap value is set to [-0.2 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1] V and the Maximum tap value is set to [0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1] V.

  • Note: the DFECDR offers an option for "2X Taps." Check this option to have pulse response values match convention used by JEDEC. Uncheck this option to use pulse response values directly from the plot.

Plot Statistical Results

Use the SerDes Designer Add Plots button to visualize the results of the DDR5 Controller setup.

Add the BER plot from Add Plots and observe the results.

SerDesDesigner_BER.PNG

Add the Pulse Response plot from Add Plots and zoom into the pulse area to observe the results.

SerDesDesigner_PR.PNG

Export SerDes System to Simulink

Click Save and then click on the Export button to export the configuration to Simulink for further customization and generation of the AMI model executables.

DDR5 Controller Tx/Rx IBIS-AMI Model Setup in Simulink

The second part of this example takes the SerDes system exported by the SerDes Designer app and customizes it as required for DDR5 in Simulink.

Review the Simulink Model Setup

The SerDes System imported into Simulink consists of Configuration, Stimulus, Tx, Analog Channel and Rx blocks. All the settings from the SerDes Designer app have been transferred to the Simulink model. Save the model and review each block setup.

  • Double-click the Configuration block to open the Block Parameters dialog box. The parameter values for Symbol time, Samples per symbol, Target BER, Modulation, and Signaling are carried over from the SerDes Designer app.

  • Double-click the Stimulus block to open the Block Parameters dialog box. Here you can set the waveform creation method and number of symbols to simulate. This block is not carried over from the SerDes Designer app.

  • Double-click the Tx block to look inside the Tx subsystem. The subsystem has the FFE block carried over from the SerDes Designer app. An Init block is also introduced to model the statistical portion of the AMI model.

  • Double-click the Analog Channel block to open the Block Parameters dialog box. The parameter values for Target frequency, Loss, Impedance and Tx/Rx Analog Model parameters are carried over from the SerDes Designer app.

  • Double-click on the Rx block to look inside the Rx subsystem. The subsystem has the CTLE and DFECDR blocks carried over from the SerDes Designer app. An Init block is also introduced to model the statistical portion of the AMI model.

Run the Model

Run the model to simulate the SerDes system.

Two plots are generated. The first is a live time domain (GetWave) eye diagram that is updated as the model is running.

TD_Eye_Diagram.png

After the simulation has completed the second plot contains views of the Statistical (Init) and Time Domain (GetWave) results, along with Eye metrics reported for each.

Init_and_TD_Results.png

Review Tx FFE Block

  • Inside the Tx subsystem, double-click the FFE block to open the FFE Block Parameters dialog box.

  • The Tap Weights are carried over from the SerDes Designer app.

Review Rx CTLE Block

  • Inside the Rx subsystem, double-click the CTLE block to open the CTLE Block Parameters dialog box.

  • DC gain, AC gain, and Peaking frequency are carried over from the SerDes Designer app.

  • CTLE Mode is set to Adapt, which means an optimization algorithm built into the CTLE system object selects the optimal CTLE configuration at run time.

Update Rx DFECDR Block

  • Inside the Rx subsystem, double-click the DFECDR block to open the DFECDR Block Parameters dialog box.

  • The Initial tap weights, Minimum DFE tap value, and Maximum tap value RMS settings are carried over from the SerDes Designer app. The Adaptive gain and Adaptive step size are set to 3e-06 and 1e-06, respectively, which are reasonable values based on DDR5 Controller expectations.

  • The 2x tap weights box is checked for consistency with the JEDEC specification.

  • Expand the IBIS-AMI parameters to show the list of parameters to be included in the IBIS-AMI model.

  • Deselect Phase offset and Reference offset to remove these parameters from the AMI file, effectively hard-coding these parameters to their current values.

Generate DDR5 Controller IBIS-AMI Models

The final part of this example takes the customized Simulink model, modifies the AMI parameters for a DDR5 Controller, and then generates IBIS-AMI-compliant DDR5 Controller model executables, IBIS and AMI files.

Open the Block Parameter dialog box for the Configuration block and click on the Open SerDes IBIS-AMI Manager button. In the IBIS tab inside the SerDes IBIS-AMI manager dialog box, the analog model values are converted to standard IBIS parameters that can be used by any industry-standard simulator.

Update Transmitter (Tx) AMI Parameters

Open the AMI-Tx tab in the SerDes IBIS-AMI manager dialog box. The reserved parameters are listed first followed by the model-specific parameters adhering to the format of a typical AMI file.

Set Pre-Emphasis Tap

  • Highlight TapWeight -1

  • Click the Edit... to launch the Add/Edit Parameter dialog box.

  • Make sure Format is set to Range and set Typ = 0, Min = -0.2, and Max = 0.2.

  • Click OK to save the changes.

Set Main Tap

  • Highlight TapWeight 0.

  • Click the Edit… button to launch the Add/Edit Parameter dialog box.

  • Make sure Format is set to Range and set Typ = 1, Min = 0.6, and Max = 1.

  • Click OK.

Set First Post-Emphasis Tap

  • Highlight TapWeight 1.

  • Select the Edit… button to launch the Add/Edit Parameter dialog box.

  • Make sure Format is set to Range and set Typ = 0, Min = -0.2, and Max = 0.2.

  • Click OK.

Set Second Post-Emphasis Tap

  • Highlight TapWeight 2.

  • Select the Edit… button to launch the Add/Edit Parameter dialog box.

  • Make sure Format is set to Range and set Typ = 0, Min= -0.1, and Max = 0.1.

  • Click OK.

Add Tx Jitter Parameters

To add Jitter parameters for the Tx model click the Reserved Parameters... button to bring up the Tx Add/Remove dialog, select the Tx_Dj and Tx_Rj boxes and click OK to add these parameters to the Reserved Parameters section of the Tx AMI file. The following jitter values can be adjusted to meet the DDR5 mask requirements for a specific controller.

Set Tx Deterministic Jitter Value

  • Select Tx_Dj, then click the Edit... button to bring up the Add/Edit AMI Parameter dialog.

  • Verify the Type is set to UI.

  • Verify the Format is set to Value.

  • Set the Current Value to 0.0500

  • Click OK to save the changes.

Set Tx Random Jitter Value

  • Select Tx_Rj, then click the Edit... button to bring up the Add/Edit AMI Parameter dialog.

  • Verify the Type is set to UI.

  • Verify the Format is set to Value.

  • Set the Current Value to 0.0025

  • Click OK to save the changes.

Update Receiver (Rx) AMI Parameters

Open the AMI-Rx tab in the SerDes IBIS-AMI manager dialog box. The reserved parameters are listed first followed by the model-specific parameters adhering to the format of a typical AMI file.

Set First DFE Tap Weight

  • Highlight TapWeight 1.

  • Click the Edit… button to launch the Add/Edit Parameter dialog box.

  • Make sure Format is set to Range and set Typ = 0, Min = -0.2, and Max = 0.05.

  • Click OK.

Set Second DFE Tap Weight

  • Highlight TapWeight 2.

  • Click the Edit… button to launch the Add/Edit Parameter dialog box.

  • Make sure Format is set to Range and set Typ = 0, Min = -0.075, and Max = 0.075.

  • Click OK.

Set Third DFE Tap Weight

  • Highlight TapWeight 3.

  • Click the Edit… button to launch the Add/Edit Parameter dialog box.

  • Make sure Format is set to Range and set Typ = 0, Min = -0.06, and Max = 0.06.

  • Click OK.

Set Fourth DFE Tap Weight

  • Highlight TapWeight 4.

  • Click the Edit… button to launch the Add/Edit Parameter dialog box.

  • Make sure Format is set to Range and set Typ = 0, Min = -0.045, and Max = 0.045.

  • Click OK.

Add Rx Jitter and Noise Parameters

To add Jitter parameters for the Rx model click the Reserved Parameters... button to bring up the Rx Add/Remove dialog, select the Rx_Rj, Rx_Dj, Rx_Receiver_Sensitivity, Rx_GaussianNoise and Rx_UniformNoise boxes and click OK to add these parameters to the Reserved Parameters section of the Rx AMI file. The following jitter and noise values can be adjusted to meet the DDR5 mask requirements for a specific controller.

Set Rx Random Jitter Value

  • Select Rx_Rj, then click the Edit... button to bring up the Add/Edit AMI Parameter dialog.

  • Verify the Type is set to UI.

  • Verify the Format is set to Value.

  • Set the Current Value to 0.00375

  • Click OK to save the changes.

Set Rx Deterministic Jitter Value

  • Select Rx_Dj, then click the Edit... button to bring up the Add/Edit AMI Parameter dialog.

  • Verify the Type is set to UI.

  • Verify the Format is set to Value.

  • Set the Current Value to 0.0125

  • Click OK to save the changes.

Set Rx Receiver Sensitivity Value

  • Select Rx_Receiver_Sensitivity, then click the Edit... button to bring up the Add/Edit AMI Parameter dialog.

  • Verify the Format is set to Value.

  • Set the Current Value to 0.040

  • Click OK to save the changes.

Set Rx Gaussian Noise Value

  • Select Rx_GaussianNoise, then click the Edit... button to bring up the Add/Edit AMI Parameter dialog.

  • Verify the Format is set to Value.

  • Set the Current Value to 0.0015

  • Click OK to save the changes.

Set Rx Uniform Noise Value

  • Select Rx_UniformNoise, then click the Edit... button to bring up the Add/Edit AMI Parameter dialog.

  • Verify the Format is set to Value.

  • Set the Current Value to 0.0025

  • Click OK to save the changes.

Export Models

Open the Export tab in the SerDes IBIS-AMI manager dialog box.

  • Update the Tx model name to ddr5_controller_tx

  • Update the Rx model name to ddr5_controller_rx

  • Note that Tx and Rx corner percentage is set to 10. This scales the minimum/maximum analog model corner values by +/-10%.

  • Verify that Dual model is selected for both the Tx and the Rx AMI model settings. This creates model executables that support both statistical (Init) analysis and time-domain (GetWave) simulation.

  • Set the Tx model Bits to ignore to 4 since there are four taps in the Tx FFE.

  • Set the Rx model Bits to ignore to 250000 to allow sufficient time for the Rx DFE taps to settle during time domain simulations.

  • Verify that both Tx and Rx are set to export and that all files have been selected to be generated (IBIS file, AMI file(s) and DLL file(s)).

  • Set the IBIS file name to temp_ddr5_controller.ibs directory so that the example file ddr5_controller.ibs is not overwritten.

  • Click the Export button to generate models in the Target directory.

Note: If additional Simulink simulations are run, the Rx Bits to Ignore value will need to be set a value less than the Number of symbols set in the Stimulus block dialog in order for the time domain results to be output.

Update DDR5 Analog Models

To accommodate different topologies, loading configurations, data rates and transfers, DDR5 requires variable output drive strength and input on-die termination (ODT). While the same algorithmic AMI model is used, multiple analog models are required to cover all these use cases. The generation of these analog models is out of scope for this example, so a completed IBIS file with the following analog models in it is available in the current example directory:

  • POD11_IO_ZO50_ODTOFF: 50 ohm output impedance with no input ODT.

  • POD11_IN_ODT40: Input with 40 ohm ODT.

  • POD11_IN_ODT60: Input with 60 ohm ODT.

To generate this complete IBIS file, the following changes were made to ddr5_controller.ibs using a text editor:

  • Created one pin with a signal_name of DQ1_controller and model_name of dq.

  • Changed the driver Model_type to I/O and named it POD11_IO_Z050_ODTOFF.

  • Added two receiver models and named them POD11_IN_ODT40_C and POD11_IN_ODT60_C, respectively.

  • Added VI curves and Algorithmic Model sections to all above mentioned models.

  • Added a Model Selector section that references the above mentioned models.

Note: It is always recommended to verify the values for vinl, vinh, c_comp and other variables in the .ibs file match your device datasheet values.

Test Generated IBIS-AMI Models

The DDR5 transmitter and receiver IBIS-AMI models are now complete and ready to be tested in any industry-standard AMI model simulator.

References

[1] IBIS 7.0 Specification, https://ibis.org/ver7.0/ver7_0.pdf.

See Also

| | | |

Related Topics