## Nonlinear Constraints Using `ga`

Suppose you want to minimize the simple fitness function of two variables x1 and x2,

`$\underset{x}{\mathrm{min}}f\left(x\right)=100{\left({x}_{1}^{2}-{x}_{2}\right)}^{2}+{\left(1-{x}_{1}\right)}^{2}$`

subject to the following nonlinear inequality constraints and bounds

Begin by creating the fitness and constraint functions. First, create a file named `simple_fitness.m` as follows:

```function y = simple_fitness(x) y = 100*(x(1)^2 - x(2))^2 + (1 - x(1))^2;```
(`simple_fitness.m` ships with Global Optimization Toolbox software.)

The genetic algorithm function, `ga`, assumes the fitness function will take one input `x`, where `x` has as many elements as the number of variables in the problem. The fitness function computes the value of the function and returns that scalar value in its one return argument, `y`.

Then create a file, `simple_constraint.m`, containing the constraints

```function [c, ceq] = simple_constraint(x) c = [1.5 + x(1)*x(2) + x(1) - x(2);... -x(1)*x(2) + 10]; ceq = [];```

The `ga` function assumes the constraint function will take one input `x`, where `x` has as many elements as the number of variables in the problem. The constraint function computes the values of all the inequality and equality constraints and returns two vectors, `c` and `ceq`, respectively.

To minimize the fitness function, you need to pass a function handle to the fitness function as the first argument to the `ga` function, as well as specifying the number of variables as the second argument. Lower and upper bounds are provided as `LB` and `UB` respectively. In addition, you also need to pass a function handle to the nonlinear constraint function.

```ObjectiveFunction = @simple_fitness; nvars = 2; % Number of variables LB = [0 0]; % Lower bound UB = [1 13]; % Upper bound ConstraintFunction = @simple_constraint; rng(1,'twister') % for reproducibility [x,fval] = ga(ObjectiveFunction,nvars,... [],[],[],[],LB,UB,ConstraintFunction)```
```Optimization terminated: average change in the fitness value less than options.FunctionTolerance and constraint violation is less than options.ConstraintTolerance. x = 0.8123 12.3137 fval = 1.3581e+04```

For problems without integer constraints, the genetic algorithm solver handles linear constraints and bounds differently from nonlinear constraints. All the linear constraints and bounds are satisfied throughout the optimization. However, `ga` may not satisfy all the nonlinear constraints at every generation. If `ga` converges to a solution, the nonlinear constraints will be satisfied at that solution.

If there are integer constraints, `ga` does not enforce the feasibility of linear constraints, and instead adds any linear constraint violations to the penalty function. See Integer ga Algorithm.

`ga` uses the mutation and crossover functions to produce new individuals at every generation. `ga` satisfies linear and bound constraints by using mutation and crossover functions that only generate feasible points. For example, in the previous call to `ga`, the mutation function `mutationguassian` does not necessarily obey the bound constraints. So when there are bound or linear constraints, the default `ga` mutation function is `mutationadaptfeasible`. If you provide a custom mutation function, this custom function must only generate points that are feasible with respect to the linear and bound constraints. All the included crossover functions generate points that satisfy the linear constraints and bounds except the `crossoverheuristic` function.

To see the progress of the optimization, use the `optimoptions` function to create options that select two plot functions. The first plot function is `gaplotbestf`, which plots the best and mean score of the population at every generation. The second plot function is `gaplotmaxconstr`, which plots the maximum constraint violation of nonlinear constraints at every generation. You can also visualize the progress of the algorithm by displaying information to the command window using the `'Display'` option.

`options = optimoptions('ga','PlotFcn',{@gaplotbestf,@gaplotmaxconstr},'Display','iter');`

Rerun the `ga` solver.

```[x,fval] = ga(ObjectiveFunction,nvars,[],[],[],[],... LB,UB,ConstraintFunction,options)```
``` Best Max Stall Generation Func-count f(x) Constraint Generations 1 2520 13603.6 0 0 2 4982 13578.2 5.718e-06 0 3 7538 14033.9 0 0 4 11116 13573.7 0.0009577 0 Optimization terminated: average change in the fitness value less than options.FunctionTolerance and constraint violation is less than options.ConstraintTolerance. x = 0.8122 12.3104 fval = 1.3574e+04```

You can provide a start point for the minimization to the `ga` function by specifying the `InitialPopulationMatrix` option. The `ga` function will use the first individual from `InitialPopulationMatrix` as a start point for a constrained minimization.

```X0 = [0.5 0.5]; % Start point (row vector) options = optimoptions('ga',options,'InitialPopulationMatrix',X0);```

Now, rerun the `ga` solver.

```[x,fval] = ga(ObjectiveFunction,nvars,[],[],[],[],... LB,UB,ConstraintFunction,options)```
``` Best Max Stall Generation Func-count f(x) Constraint Generations 1 2520 13578.1 0.0005269 0 2 4982 13578.2 1.815e-05 0 3 8008 14031.3 0 0 4 13525 14054.9 0 0 5 17620 13573.5 0.0009986 0 Optimization terminated: average change in the fitness value less than options.FunctionTolerance and constraint violation is less than options.ConstraintTolerance. x = 0.8122 12.3103 fval = 1.3573e+04```

Watch now